Documentation on Early Cold
War
U.S. Propaganda Activities in the Middle East
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Document 1: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs Memorandum from Wallace Murray to
Archibald MacLeish. "Letter from Colonel Harold B. Hoskins"
[American Movie Propaganda], March 21, 1945.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 54D403, 1920-1952.
Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt favor showing American movies
in the Middle East.
Document 2: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the
Department of State. "Recent Developments in Connection
with the Kurdish-Language News Bulletin," April 10, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Plans for distribution of propaganda to Iraqi Kurds.
Document 3: Department
of State Airgram from Dean Acheson. [Anti-Americanism in the
Arab World], May 1, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Calls for propaganda campaign to counter rising anti-Americanism.
Document 4: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Edward C. Wells to the Department
of State. "Motion Pictures--The Film Two Cities,"
May 16, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Suggests Walt Disney might help out with propaganda.
Document 5: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Edward C. Wells to the Department
of State. "Priority Aims and Objectives of the USIE Program
in Iran Calls for Enhancing U.S. Prestige and Demonstrating
Communist Fallacies," June 5, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
United States Information Service goals include promoting
anticommunism, increasing Iranian stability, and enhancing
U.S. prestige.
Document 6: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Henry F. Grady to the Department
of State. "Proposed New Program for USIE, Iran,"
July 6, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
United States Information and Educational Exchange Program
goals include disseminating propaganda without arousing
suspicion of foreign influence, and reaching out to the
"religious element."
Document 7: United
States Embassy, Soviet Union Cable from Alan G. Kirk to the
Department of State. [Voice of America and Radio Tehran],
August 19, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Indicates that there are plans for an "intimate working
relationship" between the Voice of America and Radio
Tehran.
Document 8: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Henry F. Grady to the Department
of State. [Voice of America Transmitters in Bahrain and Iran],
September 19, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Notes concern that propaganda transmitters in Bahrain would
undermine the U.S. position in Iran.
Document 9: United
States Embassy, Egypt Despatch from A.F. Lager to the Department
of State. "Transmitting Copy of Notes re 'Certain Aspects
of the Political Situation at Kuwait--The Company's Local
Relations and Other Non-technical Matters Connected with These
Operations'" [Internal Memorandum Found at Trans World
Airlines Plane Crash Site], September 25, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Gulf Oil official comments on the political situation in
Kuwait.
Document 10: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Henry F. Grady to the Department
of State. [U.S.-Iranian Joint Propaganda Efforts], October
19, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
U.S. and Iranian propaganda activities emphasize anticommunism,
U.S. aid, and religion.
Document 11: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable to the Department of State. [Iran's
Propaganda Director and the Voice of America], December 8,
1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes U.S. problems with Iran's director of propaganda.
Document 12: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Edward C. Wells to the Department
of State. "Motion Pictures--Pro-Soviet Feature Film North
Star," December 28, 1950.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Suggests that State Department ensure that "pro-Russian"
movie "Red Star" not be shown in Iran; film was
directed by Lewis Milestone, written by Lillian Hellman,
starred Walter Huston, Anne Baxter, Dana Andrews, Farley
Granger, and Erich von Stroheim, depicted a Russian village
under German occupation and an evil Nazi doctor, and was
targeted by the House Un-American Affairs Committee.
Document 13: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Cable from William D. Brewer
to the Department of State. "Egyptian Newspaper Article
on American Military Aid to Saudi Arabia," January 5,
1951.
Source: National Archives. Department of State
Lot Files 52-40. Mutual Defense Assistance Programs--Project
Approvals.
A Saudi-funded newspaper discusses plans for U.S. military
assistance for Saudi Arabia, and criticizes reports that
the U.S. has asked for guarantees regarding use of the arms.
Document 14: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Henry F. Grady to the Department
of State. [Iranian Propaganda Director Dismissed], January
6, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
A former director of propaganda has been restored to de
facto control.
Document 15: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Henry F. Grady to the Department
of State. [Appointment of New Iranian Propaganda Director],
January 10, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
New propaganda director describes his plans.
Document 16: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Edward C. Wells to the Department
of State. "Notes on Expanded Program for Iran" [Includes
Memorandum], January 12, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Recommends joint U.S.-Iranian propaganda efforts.
Document 17: Department
of State, Under Secretary Report from James E. Webb to James
S. Lay, Jr. "Progress Report by the Under Secretary of
State on the Implementation of United States Policy toward
Israel and the Arab States (NSC 47/2)," January 26, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Reports improvements in Israeli and Arab attitudes toward
the U.S.
Document 18: Department
of State, Division of International Broadcasting Memorandum
from W.J. Porter to Frederick Awalt. [Voice of America in
Kuwait], February 19, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Objects to British rejection of Voice of America facility
in Kuwait.
Document 19: United
States Consulate General. Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) Cable to
the Department of State. [Trip to Oman regarding Voice of
America], February 20, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot Files.
Reviews plans for discussion with Sultan of Oman regarding
Voice of America facility.
Document 20: Department
of State Report. "Conference of Middle East Chiefs of
Mission (Istanbul, February 14-21, 1951): Agreed Conclusions
and Recommendations," c. February 21, 1951.
Reviews U.S. goals for the Middle East.
Document 21: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the
Department of State. "Anti-communist Poster Material
Prepared by USIS Baghdad," March 10, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes anti-communist posters prepared for Iraq.
Document 22: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the
Department of State. "Foreign Leader Grants for Iraqis,"
March 26, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Says that offering "leadership grants" to even
"mildly pinkish" Iraqis would be ineffective,
because they would not be allowed to enter the U.S.
Document 23: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
of Conversation. "Anglo-American Cooperation in the Psychological
Field in the Arab States and Iran" [Attached to Cover
Memorandum Dated April 2, 1951], March 30, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Department of State Lot Files. Lot 57 D 298.
British embassy official suggests U.S.-U.K. "psychological
cooperation."
Document 24: Analysis
from Stephen Penrose to the Department of State. "Comment
on "The Soviet Challenge in the Near East"--Princeton,
June 2, 1951," June 2, 1951.
The president of the American University of Beirut says
that Soviet propaganda outlets are being established in
the Middle East and are exploiting the Palestine issue.
Document 25: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Cable from Raymond Hare to the
Department of State. [Communist Propaganda], June 5, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Says that there is no communist propaganda in Saudi Arabia.
Document 26: United
States Consulate General. Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) Letter from
William A. Eddy to Dorothy Thompson. [Christian-Muslim Anticommunist
Propaganda Theme], June 7, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot Files. 57 D 298.
William Eddy discusses proposals for Muslim statements
in favor of a Christian-Muslim alliance against communism.
Document 27: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Henry F. Grady to the Department
of State. [Kurdish Voice of America Broadcasts], August 6,
1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Outlines plans for Kurdish Voice of America broadcasts,
while avoiding encouragement of Kurdish nationalism.
Document 28: Department
of State, Secretary Memorandum from Dean Acheson to Dwight
D. Eisenhower. "Urgent Request to You from King Ibn Saud
for the Services of General Graham," August 9, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Dean Acheson advises President Eisenhower to send emergency
medical help to ailing King Abd al-Aziz (ibn Saud).
Document 29: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs
Memorandum to Burton Berry. "Mr. Nolting's Misgivings
re Visit by Prince Misha'al," August 22, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Recommends inviting Saudi Arabia's defense minister to
visit the U.S.
Document 30: Department
of State Airgram from Dean Acheson to the United States Embassy,
Iraq. [Opposition to Book Publication], August 29, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
State Department opposes publication of a book because
of its "sensational approach."
Document 31: United
States Embassy, Turkey Cable from George Wadsworth to the
Department of State. [Broadcasts to Turkey's Kurds], September
4, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Advises against broadcasting propaganda to Turkish Kurds
because of Turkish government opposition.
Document 32: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
from Burton Berry to the Department of State, Assistant Secretary
for Near Eastern, South Asian and African Affairs. "VOA
Broadcasts in Kurdish," September 14, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Says that broadcasting propaganda directed at Kurds from
Turkey is not possible, but use of Iraqi or Iranian facilities
is still under consideration.
Document 33: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Memorandum from Glenn A. Abbey
to the Department of State. [Anticommunist Propaganda], October
2, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Embassy opposes distribution of anticommunist propaganda
in Saudi Arabia because the government would object.
Document 34: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs Letter from
Edward W. Barrett to George Cameron. [Propaganda Advice],
October 4, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Asks professor for advice on U.S. propaganda for the Middle
East.
Document 35: University
of Michigan. Department of Near Eastern Studies Letter from
George Cameron to Edward W. Barrett. [Propaganda Activities
in Iraq; Attached to Cover Memorandum], October 24, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Professor provides observations regarding the effectiveness
of American and Soviet propaganda in Kurdish areas of Iraq.
Document 36: New
American Library of World Literature, Inc. Letter from Victor
Weybright to Edward W. Barrett. [Support for Publisher's Tour
of Middle East], November 6, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
A publisher describes his book distribution activities
abroad.
Document 37: United
States. Department of the Air Force Memorandum from Robert
H. Jones. "Visit of His Royal Highness Prince Misha'al
Abdul Aziz al Saud, Minister of Defense, Saudi Arabia,"
November 6, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes U.S. Air Force plans for a visit to the U.S.
by Saudi Arabia's defense minister.
Document 38: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Edward C. Wells to the
Department of State. "Motion Pictures: Cooperation of
American Newsreels," November 10, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes Iranian reactions to American propaganda newsreels.
Document 39: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs Letter from
Edward W. Barrett to George Cameron. [Propaganda Campaign],
November 19, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Responds to professor's comments regarding Middle East
propaganda and requests further information.
Document 40: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. [Filming of Iranian Army Celebration], November
20, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Says propaganda value of filming Iranian army celebrations
including U.S. military equipment and personnel outweighs
danger of linkage between newsreel and the State Department.
Document 41: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. [Iranian Oil Policy], November 21, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Suggests that the Voice of America transmit U.S. press
and public criticism of Prime Minister Mossadeq's oil policy.
Document 42: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Letter from Raymond Hare to Frederick
Awalt. [Incident at Dhahran Air Field], November 25, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot Files. Lot File 57
D 298.
Recommends proceeding slowly in introducing propaganda
to Saudi Arabia because of possible unforeseen consequences.
Document 43: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
from George C. McGhee to H. Freeman Matthews. "Visits
of Chiefs of States," November 28, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Suggests that Saudi King Abd al-Aziz be first on a list
of potential Near East chief of state visitors to the U.S.
Document 44: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs Letter from
Edward W. Barrett to Victor Weybright. [State Department Involvement
with Private Publisher], November 30, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Promises further cooperation with chairman of private publishing
house.
Document 45: Department
of State Airgram from James E. Webb to the United States Embassy,
Iran. [Newsreel Use in Iran], December 11, 1951.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Lauds discretion in handling of U.S.-sponsored newsreels
in Iran.
Document 46: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Despatch from Raymond Hare to
the Department of State. [Proposed Saudi Pamphlet Program],
January 8, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Says that distribution of U.S. propaganda in Saudi Arabia
would be counter-productive.
Document 47: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Edward C. Wells to the
Department of State. "IE: Local Newspaper Item on USIE
Radio Scripts," January 14, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Embassy responds to Iranian newspaper report that Radio
Tehran is broadcasting American propaganda.
Document 48: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Edward C. Wells to the
Department of State. "I.E.: Local Newspaper Items of
USIE Radio Scripts," January 21, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Embassy describes Iranian newspaper account regarding American
propaganda on Radio Tehran.
Document 49: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. [Closure of Provincial Foreign Cultural Centers],
January 30, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Reports that Iranian government has ordered the closing
of all foreign information and cultural centers outside
of Tehran.
Document 50: United
States Consulate. Mashhad (Iran) Cable to the Department of
State. [Closure of Foreign Information and Cultural Centers],
January 30, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Embassy discusses closure of information and cultural centers
with Iranian official.
Document 51: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. [Closure of Foreign Information and Cultural Centers],
February 3, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
An Iranian official expresses regret about the closing
of foreign information and cultural centers but says that
some had engaged in activities inimical to Iran's interests.
Document 52: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Edward S. Crocker II to the
Department of State. [Opinion Survey], February 6, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
A graduate student requests government funding for a purportedly
independent academic survey of opinion among young Iraqis.
Document 53: Department
of State Cable from Dean Acheson to the United States Embassy,
Egypt. [Religious Programming for Radio Jidda], February 11,
1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The State Department sends religious programming in Central
Asian languages for broadcast by Radio Jidda, and inquires
about lyrics for an Armenian oratorio.
Document 54: United
States Legation. Lebanon Memorandum from John H. Bruins [Influencing
Public Opinion], February 26, 1952.
Former Iraqi official mentions plans for influencing public
opinion regarding Islam on the basis of tolerance.
Document 55: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs.
Office of Near Eastern Affairs Memorandum from Frederick Awalt
to Samuel K.C. Kopper. "Conversation with Prince Saud,"
March 10, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 57 D 298.
Saudi Prince Saud campaigns for his succession and discusses
his plans for a "pan-Islamic movement".
Document 56: Franklin
(Michigan). Chamber of Commerce Letter from S.B. Vaughan to
the Department of State. [Concern in Michigan; Includes Letter
of Reply], March 22, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Michigan Chamber of Commerce expresses concern about Iraqi
requests for tourist brochures.
Document 57: Department
of State, Policy Planning Staff Memorandum of Conversation.
"Functions of the PSB," March 26, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Records of the Policy
Planning Staff, 1947-1957.
Reviews Psychological Planning Board strategy for the Middle
East.
Document 58: Department
of State Transcript. "Working Group on Special Materials
for Arab and Other Moslem Countries" [Attached to Cover
Memorandum Dated April 2, 1952; Includes Attachment], April
1, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Considers options for improving America's image in Arab
countries.
Document 59: United
States. National Security Council. Executive Secretary Report
to the United States. National Security Council. "United
States Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Arab States
and Israel" [Annex to NSC 129], April 7, 1952.
Reviews options for achieving U.S. objectives in the Middle
East.
Document 60: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Edward C. Wells to the
Department of State. "IIA: Country Plan," April
28, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Outlines propaganda plans for Iran.
Document 61: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. [Embassy Support for Iranian Magazine], May 2, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes arrangement for publishing Iranian magazine as
propaganda outlet.
Document 62: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Edward S. Crocker II to
the Department of State. "Proposed Information Program
for Iraq," May 16, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Outlines detailed propaganda plans for Iraq.
Document 63: United
States Embassy, United Kingdom Letter from Joseph Palmer II
to Samuel K.C. Kopper. [British Objection to Voice of America
Station in Kuwait; Attached to Cover Notes], June 18, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 57 D 298.
Describes British reasons for opposing a Voice of America
station in Kuwait.
Document 64: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the
Department of State. ""When the Communists Came","
July 8, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Review panel questions the value of showing an anticommunist
film in the Middle East.
Document 65: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the
Department of State. "Mechanics of Controlling an Election,"
July 18, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
At the State Department's request, the American embassy
describes ways elections can be controlled in Iraq.
Document 66: Department
of State Cable from Dean Acheson to the United States Embassy,
Iran. [State Department Recommends Neutral Tone], July 18,
1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Advises neutral tone for International Information Administration
media following the temporary ouster of Prime Minister Mossadeq
during Iranian oil crisis.
Document 67: Department
of State Internal Paper to the United States Legation. Jordan
[et al.]. "Franklin Publications, Inc.," July 22,
1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Informs U.S. missions of the establishment of Franklin
Publications, Inc.
Document 68: United
States Consulate General. Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) Letter from
Max Bishop to Parker T. Hart. [Military Show of Strength],
July 28, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Supports a "friendly display of force" in the
Persian Gulf area.
Document 69: Department
of State Cable from Dean Acheson to the United States Embassy,
Iran. [Media Guidance for Iran], July 28, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
International Information Administration says media should
show minimal interest in Iranian political developments.
Document 70: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs
Letter from Parker T. Hart to Max Bishop. [Display of Force],
c. September 5, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Says State Department has been considering a display of
force in the Persian Gulf region for a long time.
Document 71: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. [U.S. Propaganda Program in Iran], September 6,
1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Assesses effectiveness of U.S. propaganda program in Iran.
Document 72: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Cable to the Department of State.
[Saudi Arabia and U.S. Objectives], September 7, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Advises avoiding propaganda that would be opposed by Saudi
government.
Document 73: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. [Iraqi Attitudes], September 11, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Discusses factors that influence Iraqi opinion.
Document 74: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Special IIA Projects for Islamic Countries,"
October 1, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Recommends propaganda activities expected to be most effective
in Iraq.
Document 75: Department
of State, Executive Secretariat Letter from W.J. McWilliams
to William H. Draper, Jr. [Forwards Minutes from Chiefs of
Mission Meeting], October 2, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Records of the Executive
Secretariat. U.S. Mission to NATO.
Presents alternative opinions regarding implications for
the U.S. of declining British prestige in the Middle East.
Document 76: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Harry L. Smith to the Department
of State. "Arabic Anti-communist Pamphlet Program,"
October 7, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Discusses methods for disseminating propaganda in Iraq.
Document 77: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Partisans of Peace Object to Atomic Display"
[Includes Article], October 18, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes protest against "atomic display" in
United States Information Service window.
Document 78: United
States. International Information Administration. Information
Center Service Letter from Dan Lacy to Datus C. Smith, Jr.
[Guidance for Franklin Publications], October 27, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Reviews problems of Arab countries and outlines objectives
for Franklin Publications, Inc.
Document 79: Department
of State Cable to the United States Embassy, Jordan. [Travel
Arrangements], October 30, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes Middle East itinerary for Franklin Publications,
Inc. board members.
Document 80: Department
of State Airgram from David K.E. Bruce to the United States
Embassy, Iraq. [Top Secret Clearances], November 4, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Informs embassy that Franklin Publications, Inc. officers
have Top Secret clearances.
Document 81: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs
Memorandum from Richard E. Funkhouser to Parker T. Hart. "Additional
Notes on Possible Iraq, Syria, Lebanese Reactions to MEDO,"
November 5, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Department of State
Lot Files. Record Group 59. 57 D 298.
Assesses usefulness to U.S. of Arab states joining a Middle
East Defense Organization.
Document 82: Department
of State, Division of Public Studies Report. "U.S. Public
Opinion on Iran," November 10, 1952.
Source: National Archives Group 59. Office
of Public Opinion Studies 1945-65. Box 41. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot Files. Office of Public
Opinion Studies, 1945-1965.
Describes U.S. public opinion regarding Iran, the Shah,
Prime Minister Mossadeq, and the British-Iranian oil crisis,
as reflected in the media and opinion surveys.
Document 83: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. [Attack on United States Information Service Building],
November 23, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes attacks by Iraqi demonstrators against United
States Information Service office in Baghdad.
Document 84: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. [Occupation of United States Information Service
Building], November 24, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes effects of attack on United States Information
Service building in Baghdad.
Document 85: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. [Possible Disclosure of Classified Material], November
24, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Discusses possible loss of documents resulting from United
States Information Service attack.
Document 86: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. [Ambassador Berry Speaks with Prime Minister], December
13, 1952.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Iraqi prime minister reaffirms his opposition to communism
and raises fears about influence of Iranian religious activism
in Iraq.
Document 87: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Edward C. Wells to the
Department of State. "IIA: Motion Pictures: Iranian Governmental
Document Proposing Mobile Unit Operation Changes," January
7, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Internal Iranian document assesses and offers recommendations
regarding film program.
Document 88: United
States Embassy, Lebanon Memorandum from Nestor C. Ortiz to
the Department of State. "Middle East Reaction to Federal
Trade Commission 'Report on the International Petroleum Cartel'
and the U.S. Department of Justice Suit against Designated
International Petroleum Companies" [Includes Embassy
Memorandum and Trans-Arabian Pipeline Company (TAPLINE) Report],
January 13, 1953.
Oil company representatives complain that public availability
of information about Federal Trade Commission investigation
of oil cartel activities, including price-fixing, will damage
U.S. prestige in the Middle East.
Document 89: Department
of State Memorandum from Wilson S. Compton to David K.E. Bruce.
"Colloquium on Islamic Culture to Be Held in September,
1953, under the Joint Sponsorship of the Library of Congress
and Princeton University" [Attached to Cover Note Dated
January 16, 1953; Includes Enclosure], January 13, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes plans for an Islamic colloquium, intended to
advance "both short term and long term United States
political objectives in the Moslem area."
Document 90: Princeton
University Letter from Bayard Dodge to Richard H. Sanger.
[Colloquium on Islamic Culture], February 2, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes plans to get oil company and Franklin Publications
support for an Islamic colloquium.
Document 91: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs.
Office of Near Eastern Affairs Memorandum. "Arab Public
Relations in the U.S.," February 13, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 57 D 298.
A former government official reports negotiating with Arab
governments about organizing a public relations campaign
on their behalf.
Document 92: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the
Department of State. "Opportunities for Anti-communist
Activities among Students [Includes Memorandum of Conversation],
March 30, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Iraq's education minister asks for U.S. help with an anticommunist
program to indoctrinate student protesters, including the
inculcation of nationalist values.
Document 93: Department
of State Memorandum from G. Huntington Damon to Fred L. Hadsel.
"Briefing Paper for Secretary--Islamic Colloquium"
[Includes Summary], April 30, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Forwards a briefing paper for Secretary of State Acheson
on a planned Islamic colloquium, intended to make "an
important contribution to the United States objectives in
the Muslim area."
Document 94: Colloquium
on Islamic Culture Letter from Helen M. Anderson to Richard
H. Sanger. [Background Information on Islamic Colloquium;
Includes Minutes, Letter, and Budget], May 8, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Lists expenses for an Islamic colloquium, budgeted at $25,000
(approximately $160,000 in today's dollars.)
Document 95: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Anti-communist 'Brain Washing' Program to
Be Instituted at Summer ROTC Camps for Students," May
26, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Mentions several Iraqi officials who will be delivering
anticommunist lectures at government camps.
Document 96: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. "Attaching Memorandum Entitled 'Report on the
Use of Anti-Soviet Material within Iran during Period Covered
by Last Two Years'," May 29, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes recent anticommunist activities by the American
embassy in Iran.
Document 97: Department
of State Airgram from John Foster Dulles to the United States
Embassy, Iran. [Placement of Stories in U.S. Media], June
26, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The State Department tells the American embassy that it
can inspire articles and editorials in the U.S. media conveying
certain points of view, which could then be broadcast to
Iran through the Voice of America.
Document 98: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Results of Evaluation Survey of 'Where Are
They Now?'," July 6, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Conveys results of a poll to determine whether pamphlets
disseminated by the United States Information Service reached
their intended targets.
Document 99: Department
of State Airgram from John Foster Dulles. "Information
Plan for the Arab Area," July 6, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Outlines plans to capitalize on good feelings resulting
from the secretary of state's visit to the Middle East.
Document 100: United
States. Central Intelligence Agency. Directorate of Plans
Memorandum. [Radio Report on Coup Plotting], July 7, 1953.
Summarizes reports broadcast by a clandestine radio station
in Soviet Central Asia on coup plotting by the U.S., Britain,
and the Shah of Iran.
Document 101: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Philip W. Ireland to the
Department of State. "Evaluation of 'Hoja' Films,"
July 18, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The American embassy reports highly mixed responses from
various audiences to the showing of a film using puppets
and characters from Middle East folklore to convey an anticommunist
message.
Document 102: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs
Memorandum from Burton Berry to Henry Byroade. [Secretary
of State's Understanding of Middle Eastern Problems; Attached
to Cover Sheet Dated July 23, 1953], July 23, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 57 D 298.
The ambassador to Iraq hopes that a visit to the Middle
East by the secretary of state will improve the State Department's
understanding of regional issues.
Document 103: United
States Embassy, Egypt Despatch from Jefferson Caffery to the
Department of State. "Colloquium on Islamic Culture and
Saeed Ramadhan," July 27, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The American embassy in Egypt recommends that Muslim Brotherhood
member Saeed Ramadhan be invited to attend the U.S. government's
Islamic colloquium.
Document 104: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Visit to the Barzani Area" [Includes
Memorandum], August 11, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes the impoverishment of the Kurdish area of Iraq
following government counterinsurgency operations, and mixed
reactions regarding possible U.S. propaganda activities
in the region.
Document 105: United
States Embassy, Iraq. Office of the Air Attaché Memorandum
to the United States. Air Force. Chief of Staff. "Joint
Weeka Nr.34--Section I" [Iraqi Assistance for the Shah],
August 22, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes the royal treatment provided for the Shah by
the Iraqi government during his short-lived exile from Iran,
pro-Mossadeq demonstrations, and efforts to staff U.S. offices
for an Arab League propaganda program.
Document 106: United
States Embassy, Iran. Public Affairs Officer Despatch from
Edward C. Wells to the United States Information Agency. "Mo
Pix: Recent Action by Censorship Commission in Connection
with The Korea Story and Let Us Live," September 2, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The United States Information Service predicts that the
coup in Iran will create greater opportunities for propaganda.
Document 107: Department
of State Cable from Theodore C. Streibert to the United States
Embassy, Iran. [Revitalized Propaganda Campaign for Iran;
Attached to Transmittal Sheet], September 11, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Asks for advice from the ambassador to Iran regarding United
States Information Agency and State Department propaganda
support for a post-coup Iranian alliance with the United
States.
Document 108: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Edward C. Wells to the United
States Information Agency. [Media Guidance regarding Iran],
September 15, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The American embassy in Iran and the United States Information
Service offer recommendations for post-coup propaganda for
Iran and the United States.
Document 109: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from Edward C. Wells to the United
States Information Agency. [Propaganda Focused on U.S. Aid
to Iran], September 19, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes emergency staffing needed to handle propaganda
for Iran, emphasizing United States economic assistance.
Document 110: United
States Information Service. Tehran (Iran) Despatch from Edward
C. Wells to the United States Information Agency. "USIS
Program--Iran," October 2, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Discusses need for United States efforts to make Iran's
post-coup government successful.
Document 111: United
States Information Agency Cable to the United States Embassy,
Iran. [Embassy Materials Requested for U.S. Media], October
13, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The United States Information Agency asks for press materials
favorable to Iran's post-coup government for U.S. news media
exploitation.
Document 112: Department
of State Letter from John H. Stutesman, Jr. to Loy Henderson.
[Propaganda Situation following Coup], October 28, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
A State Department official describes the "variety
of propaganda agencies" in Washington, for the benefit
of the American ambassador to Iran.
Document 113: Department
of State, Under Secretary for Political Affairs Memorandum
from C.D. Huyler to John H. Stutesman, Jr. "Your Letter
of October 28 to Ambassador Henderson," October 29, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Corrects certain points in an earlier letter to the ambassador
to Iran regarding State Department propaganda activities.
Document 114: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Loy Henderson to the Department
of State. "Use of Material in American Publications concerning
Iranian Situation" [Includes Attachments], November 7,
1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The embassy in Iran prepares an article linking U.S. economic
assistance to settling the British-Iranian oil dispute for
placement in the New York Times, Time magazine,
or Newsweek, blaming the Mossadeq government for
the decimation of Iran's economy caused by the British embargo.
Document 115: United
States Consulate General. Kuwait Despatch from Harrison M.
Symmes to the Department of State. "Newsweek Magazine
Report on Communism in Kuwait," November 16, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Discusses a Newsweek article describing Kuwait as
a "new soft spot" for communism, despite information
to the contrary.
Document 116: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Cable to the Department of State.
[Request that Vice President Nixon Congratulate Saudi King],
November 16, 1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Recommends that Vice President Nixon visit Saudi Arabia
for King Saud's coronation ceremony in order to provide
reassurance about the U.S.-Saudi "special relationship."
Document 117: Department
of State, Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern, South
Asian and African Affairs. Office of Near Eastern Affairs
Memorandum from F.O. Allen to Parker T. Hart. "Possible
Effects on Arab Attitudes toward the Unified Plan and a Palestinian
Settlement, and Potential Effects on the 'Cold War' Posture
of Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Iraq If Large-Scale Economic
Aid is Given to Egypt at this Juncture," December 23,
1953.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 57 D 298.
Opposes aid for Egypt because the U.S. wants to link economic
assistance with support for U.S. objectives.
Document 118: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Anti-communist Campaign of Iraq Government"
[Includes Leaflet], January 13, 1954.
The U.S. ambassador reports that his embassy will aid Iraq's
anticommunist propaganda program.
Document 119: United
States Embassy, Iraq Cable from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. [Attacking Iraqi Neutralism], January 19, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The U.S. embassy believes that providing anticommunist
material to Iraq's propaganda department will be more effective
than United States Information Agency articles.
Document 120: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Samples of Anti-communist Propaganda,"
March 16, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes anticommunist documents distributed in Iraq and
says material linking communism and Zionism has been less
effective than expected; hence, future propaganda will stress
nationalist themes.
Document 121: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Report of PAO Dinsmore Shows Extent of Communist
Organization in Sulaimaniya Liwa," April 5, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
An embassy public affairs officer describes a favorable
reception for Kurdish propaganda in the Sulaimaniya region
of Iraq.
Document 122: United
States Embassy, Iraq Despatch from Burton Berry to the Department
of State. "Anti-communist Campaign on Radio Baghdad,"
April 7, 1954.
Examples of propaganda broadcast by Baghdad radio accuse
communists of hypocrisy and praise a Canadian anticommunist
association.
Document 123: United
States Embassy, Iran Despatch from Edward C. Wells to the
Department of State. "Educational Exchange: U.S. Specialist
Program," May 20, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
A public affairs officer suggests that Iranians have biased
impressions of the situations of Native and Black Americans
based on accounts in leftist books, and advises against
visits in close proximity of representatives from the two
groups.
Document 124: United
States Embassy, Iraq. Office of the Air Attaché Cable
to the United States. Air Force. Chief of Staff. [Ba'athists
Emerge], May 22, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
An air attaché summarizes Iraqi intelligence issues,
including the "first announcement existence ASR (Arab
socialist resurrectionist: Ba'ath) group in Iraq."
Document 125: United
States Consulate General. Kuwait Despatch from Harrison M.
Symmes to the Department of State. "Communist Publications
Found on Sale in Kuwait" [Includes List of Titles], May
29, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
The American consulate reports the availability for sale
of "communist-line books" in Kuwait on subjects
including self-help, philosophy, psychology, health, history,
the Soviet Union, and The Basis of American Imperialism,
and recommends that the office "and its owner be placed
under immediate surveillance."
Document 126: United
States. National Security Council. Office of the Executive
Secretary Memorandum from James S. Lay, Jr. to the United
States. National Security Council. "United States Objectives
and Policies with Respect to the Middle East" [Includes
Draft Amendments], July 6, 1954.
Outlines U.S. policy for the Middle East, including military
objectives.
Document 127: United
States. National Security Council Report. "United States
Objectives and Policies with Respect to the Near East,"
July 23, 1954.
Outlines U.S. policy for the Middle East, including goals
for a regional defense arrangement, and describes propaganda
activities.
Document 128: United
States Information Service. Baghdad (Iraq) Despatch from David
Newsom to the Department of State. "Naji Musa" [Anticommunist
Pamphlet], August 17, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes an incident involving the discovery of an Iraqi
student's anticommunist letter, provided to the United States
Information Service, leading to his ostracism for "being
in the pay of the imperialists."
Document 129: United
States Consulate General. Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) Despatch
from Windsor G. Hackler to the Department of State. "Distribution
of Subversive Leaflet in al-Khobar" [Includes Attachments],
August 25, 1954.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Decimal Files, 1950-1954.
Describes an anti-royal family, anti-American leaflet found
in Saudi Arabia's Eastern Province, and criticizes the provincial
government's capabilities for "preventing subversive
activity."
Document 130: United
States. National Security Council. Operations Coordinating
Board Memorandum to the United States. National Security Council.
"Detailed Development of Major Actions relating to the
Near East (NSC 5428) from April 17, 1955 through October 7,
1955" [Includes Paper], October 11, 1955.
Describes actions taken in support of U.S. objectives in
the Middle East.
Document 131: United
States Information Agency Cable. "Matters of Particular
Interest in Middle East, with Citation of Exploitable Points,"
March 28, 1957.
Source: National Archives. Record Group 59.
Records of the Department of State. Lot File 57 D 616.
The United States Information Service outlines ways in
which the U.S. could utilize the Eisenhower administration's
response to the Suez crisis for public relations advantage.
Document 132: United
States. National Security Council Memorandum. "Statement
by George V. Allen, Director, U.S. Information Agency, at
the National Security Council, July 24, 1958" [Pages
Missing], July 24, 1958.
The United States Information Agency director suggests
that the U.S. should reach an accommodation with nationalist
forces in the Middle East.
Document 133: United
States. White House Letter from Dwight D. Eisenhower to Edward
L.R. Elson. [Response to Letter on the Middle East], July
31, 1958.
President Eisenhower discusses Middle East issues with
his confidant, Reverend Edward Elson, including his practice
of stressing "the spiritual factor in our relationships"
in all his discussions with Arab leaders.
Document 134: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs.
Office of Near Eastern Affairs Memorandum from Armin H. Meyer
to G. Lewis Jones. "American Friends of the Middle East,"
September 24, 1959.
Comments on the role and utility of the organization American
Friends of the Middle East.
Document 135: United
States. White House Memorandum from Dwight Chapin to H.R.
Haldeman. "The Shah's Remarks," October 21, 1969.
Tells H.R. Haldeman that the White House should approach
"friendly columnists" to ensure coverage of the
Shah of Iran's praise of President Nixon.
Document 136: United
States Embassy, Iran Cable from William H. Sullivan to the
Department of State. "Attack on U.S.-Supported Publishing
House," December 26, 1977.
Reports that Iranian students attacked a facility of the
Franklin Publishing company, as part of "manifestations
of some sort" connected with President Carter's visit
to Iran.
Document 137: United
States Consulate. Shiraz (Iran) Airgram from Victor L. Tomseth
to the Department of State. "Official Support for the
Shah and Anti-American Sentiment," October 30, 1978.
A consulate official tells the State Department that American
scholars based in Shiraz have reported growing anti-Americanism
in Iran, exacerbated by President Carter's recent statements
supporting the Shah.
Document 138: United
States Embassy, Kuwait Cable from Frank E. Maestrone to the
Department of State. "Political Reassessment: Orientation
and Influence of the Mass Media," June 17, 1979.
The embassy in Kuwait reports that Kuwait's press represents
no threat to "security and stability" because
it is totally controlled by the government.
Document 139: United
States. Central Intelligence Agency Cable. [Anti-Soviet Demonstration],
September 28, 1979.
Describes a protest against Soviet involvement in Afghanistan
organized in New Delhi by a Central Intelligence Agency
"asset," and extensive coverage by the Indian
news media.
Document 140: Department
of State, Bureau of Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs Memorandum
from Nathaniel W. Howell to Harold H. Saunders. "Appropriate
Settings for a Presidential Statement on Islam," December
14, 1979.
Suggests alternative venues for President Carter to deliver
a statement on Islam.
Document 141: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Cable from James A. Placke to
the United States Embassy, Egypt. "Secretary's Visit:
Press Questions," April 1, 1981.
Saudi and U.S. officials coordinate a question for Secretary
of State Alexander Haig regarding the Gulf Cooperation Council.
Document 142: Department
of State, Executive Secretary Memorandum from M. Charles Hill
to Robert C. McFarlane. "Public Diplomacy Strategy for
the Middle East" [Includes Memorandum], November 2, 1983.
Describes planning for a short-term "public diplomacy
strategy" for Lebanon and a longer-term strategy for
the Middle East as a whole.
Document 143: Department
of State, Executive Secretary Memorandum from M. Charles Hill
to Robert C. McFarlane. "Public Diplomacy Strategy for
the Middle East and Lebanon" [Includes Memorandum and
Policy Strategy], November 19, 1983.
Outlines objectives, methods, and themes for a "public
diplomacy" campaign.
Document 144: Department
of State, Executive Secretary Memorandum from M. Charles Hill
to Robert C. McFarlane. "Public Diplomacy Strategy for
the Middle East and Lebanon" [Includes Memorandum, Press
Themes, Speakers List, and List of Project Programs], March
2, 1984.
Reports on a Middle East public diplomacy working group's
updated plans and "areas where urgent additional activity
is required."
Document 145: National
Endowment for Democracy Project Proposal. "Afghanistan
Democratic Education Project," c. 1986.
Submits a proposal for $181,000 in funding for teaching,
research, and propaganda activities in Soviet-occupied Afghanistan.
Document 146: Department
of State, Executive Secretary Paper from Melvyn Levitsky to
Frank C. Carlucci. "Public Diplomacy Action Plans"
[Includes Background Paper], c. May 12, 1987.
Outlines "public diplomacy" goals for Afghanistan,
such as keeping war at the forefront of international attention.
Document 147: United
States Embassy, Guinea-Bissau Cable from John D. Blacken to
the United States Embassy, Saudi Arabia. "Videos of Saudi
Propaganda Offensive," August 6, 1987.
The U.S. embassy in Guinea-Bissau asks for Saudi video
tapes of "riots by Iranians" to use in its public
diplomacy program.
Document 148: United
States Embassy, Saudi Arabia Cable from Hume A. Horan to the
United States Embassy, Guinea-Bissau. "Videos of Saudi
Propaganda Offensive," August 10, 1987.
The embassy in Saudi Arabia promises to dispatch videotapes
of Iranian riots in Mecca to the embassy in Guinea-Bissau.
