ATTACHMENT 1 January, 1950 "Recommendations to NEPA" by the NEPA Medical Advisory Committee RESTRICTED Radiation Biology Relative to Nuclear Energy Powered Aircraft Recommendations to NEPA by The NEPA Medical Advisory Committee This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 18 U. S. C., Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law. January 5, 1950 NEPA 1254-IER-25 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Membership of THE NEPA MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Chairman ANDREW H. DOWDY, M.D., Professor of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles. Secretary W. A. SELLE, Ph. D., Professor Biophysics, University of California, Los Angeles. Members RUBERT S. ANDERSON, Ph. D., Professor of Physiology, University of South Dakota, Vermission. SIMEON T. CANTRIL, M. D., Head of Radiology Department, Tumor Institution, Swedish Hospital, Seattle. LAUREN R. DONALDSON, Ph. D., Professor of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle. ROBLEY D. EVANS, Ph. D., Professor of Physics, M.I.T., Cambridge, Mass. TITUS C. EVANS, Ph. D., Professor of Experimental Radiation, University of Iowa, Iowa City. G. FAILLA, D. Sc., Professor of Radiology (Physics), Radiological Research Laboratory, Columbia University, New York City. HYMER L. FRIEDELL, M. D., Professor of Radiology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio. R. R. NEWELL, M. D., Professor of Radiology, University of California Hospital, San Francisco. RAYMOND E. ZIRKLE, Ph. D., Professor, Institute of Radiobiology and Biophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago. Consultant Members AUSTIN, M. BRUSE, M. D., Director of Biology, Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago. JOSEPH G. HAMILTON, M. D., Director, Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. ALEXANDER HOLLAENDER, Ph. D., Director of Biology, Oak Ridge National Laboratory. A. H. HOLLAND, Jr., M. D., Medical Advisor, Atomic Energy Project, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. WRIGHT LANGHAM, Ph. D., Director, Radiology Research Laboratory, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, Los Alamos, N. M. L. F. NIMS, Ph. D., Director of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, N. Y. SHIELDS, WARREN, M. D., Director of Biology and Medicine, Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D.C. STAFFORD L. WARREN, M. D., Dean of Medical School and Director of atomic Energy Project, University of California, Los Angeles. iii RESTRICTED TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Membership of the NEPA Medical Advisory Committee iii Foreward vii Introduction 1-2 Recommended Fields of Research with Priority 3 Assignments Based on Immediate Importance to NEPA Brief Discussion of Individual Programs with 4-14 Estimated Budgetary Needs I. Human Experimentation 4 II. Physical Fitness Following Total Body 5 Exposure to Penetrating Radiations III. Long Term Effects of Acute and Intermittent Body 6 Exposures to Ionizing Radiations IV. Psychomotor Performance of Patients Following 7 Total Body Exposure to Penetrating Radiations V. Analytical Calculation of Absorption and 8 Distribution of Energy in an Irradiated Medium Simulating the Human Body VI. Collection, Compilation, and Publication of 9 Data on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations Pertinent to Research Problems VII. Studies of Biological Additivity of Ionizing 10 Radiations Having Different Specific Ionizations VIII. Methods for Detecting the Degree of Sensitivity 11 of Individuals to Radiation Exposure IX. A Study of Methods for Preventing and Counteracting 12 Radiation Effects X. Psychological Problem of Crew Selection Relative to 13 Radiation Hazards XI. General Supervision and Coordination of Research 14 Breakdown Showing How Work Would Be Distributed Among the 15 Various Groups or Agencies Recapitalization --- Consolidated, Summarized 16 Recommendations with Budget Appendix 17 v FOREWORD The NEPA Division of the Fairchild Engine and Airplane Corporation, operating under the joint sponsorship of the United States Air Force and the United States Atomic Energy Commission, and working cooperatively with the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, has been given the responsibility of conducting work necessary for the assessment of the practicality of using nuclear energy to propel military aircraft. For many reasons it is desirable that the aircraft carry a crew. This implies that the reactor will be surrounded with shielding adequate to protect the crew against radiations escaping from the reactor. The weight of this shielding is large, and is the most critical item of weight in the design of the aircraft: the shield weight must therefore be known with high relative accuracy. Since the weight of the shield becomes greater the more completely it stops the radiations, it is necessary to determine the amount of radiation a human can reasonably tolerate in a given number of doses, at given repetition frequencies, and at given intensities, so that shield weights can be minimized. This knowledge is only partially available. In order to obtain the best possible advice and information in this field the NEPA Project has formed the NEPA Medical Advisory Committee, the members of which are nationally recognized authorities. This report, containing recommendations for the necessary biomedical work relative to nuclear powered aircraft, is the second from the Committee. An earlier report summarized the available data relative to radiation biology. vii INTRODUCTION In order to fulfill its assignment, NEPA realized the important relationship between the amount of total body exposure humans could endure from penetrating ionizing radiations and the feasibility and practicability of constructing and operating a nuclear energy powered aircraft. Toward this end, specific information of the following was sought: (1) The total amounts of radiation the human body can be subjected to within a twelve to twenty-four hour period without producing any appreciably demonstrable, immediate or delayed effects. (2) Whether such amounts of radiation as may be considered permissible for military purposes would have any deleterious effects upon the skill, judgment, or general performance of the crew necessary to operate the aircraft and carry out the desired mission. (3) Provided a permissible level of radiation may be agreed upon, how many such exposures can be tolerated by the crew,and how frequent may the exposures be? At its initial meeting, held in Chicago on 23 June 1948, the Medical Advisory Committee was charged by NEPA with two main responsibilities: (1) To advise NEPA as early as possible of the effects to be expected from various levels of radiation exposure under specific conditions according to the best presently available data. (2) To recommend to NEPA specific areas of research in the field of radiation biology where investigations are now being conducted or should be conducted in order to more clearly define the effects of various exposures and conditions. With the submission of the "TABULATION OF AVAILABLE DATA RELATIVE TO RADIATION BIOLOGY," in June 1949, the NEPA Medical Advisory Committee has discharged its first responsibility. The present report concerns itself with the second obligation, namely, recommendations on research in radiation biology relative to nuclear energy powered aircraft. Were we to consider radiation biology static and additional research likely to be sterile, further work would be useless, and NEPA would be forced to proceed without additional biological information. This would be significantly true if there were unanimous agreement that 25 to 50 r per single exposure is permissible, and that such single exposures could be repeated every two to four weeks for an accumulated total of 100 to 150 r. Few authorities will agree that the field is sterile, and many would hesitate to agree to such an accumulated total dose. It is the opinion of the Medical Advisory Committee that neither assumption is valid. Progress in radiation biological research is indeed hopeful, and it is not outside the realm of possibility that effective and practical prophylactic measures may be discovered within two to four years which will increase the tolerance of the human body to ionizing and penetrating radiations by a factor of two. Such progress, if forthcoming, would be of distinct value to the NEPA program. The Medical Advisory Committee is cognizant of the extensive amount of research 1 NEPA-1019-IER-17 now being conducted by AEC and other agencies in radiation biology, much of which is of direct interest to NEPA. In its discussions, the committee has considered in the overall picture, insofar as it can, the magnitude and diversity of the many problems relative to funds, space, and available scientific personnel. Its deliberations have resulted in the listing of ten specific areas of research which are significant to the NEPA Project. To each of these ten areas it has assigned a priority. Those priorities must not be misconstrued as a reflection of the Committee's impression of overall importance, but rather as its interpretation of the specific importance and/or urgency of each category to NEPA per se. Many agencies of AEC, the Armed Forces, and Civilian Defense are interested in the information which will result from research in the ten areas enumerated. It should be pointed out that each agency or project may have specific problems which make its task somewhat unique. It is evident that each will profit from research in radiation biology in proportion to the extent to which its specific needs are fulfilled. Toward this objective, the Committee's recommendations and priorities are directed. Having been assigned the responsibility of studying the feasibility of developing, and the actual development of a nuclear energy powered aircraft, NEPA must assume the responsibility of procuring all radiation biology data pertinent to its needs. Where such information is lacking or incomplete, supplementary specific research must be initiated through the aegis of NEPA and/or through the offices of other agencies. This may be accomplished by the following procedures: (1) Constant, personal contact with major research laboratories in the field of radiation biology where available data are being evaluated, and current research is being conducted. (2) Close contact with the Division of Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission with the hope that protocols for future research, in existing laboratories, may by appropriate modification facilitate the solution of specific NEPA problems. The Committee feels that this may prove to be the most efficacious and economical method with respect to manpower, facilities, and funds, whenever it is practicable. (3) However, neither current research nor the supplementation of proposed research can be expected to fulfill all the unique biological problems of NEPA. To overcome this deficiency, NEPA should budget such sums of money as are necessary to initiate, and financially support, directed research in special problems in laboratories which may be willing to cooperate. Respectfully submitted, NEPA MEDICAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Andrew H. Dowdy, M. D., Chairman 2 RECOMMENDED FIELDS OF RESEARCH WITH PRIORITY ASSIGNMENTS BASED ON IMMEDIATE IMPORTANCE TO NEPA Priority I. Human Experimentation. A II. Physical Fitness Following Total Body A Exposure to Penetrating Radiations. III. Evaluation of Long Term Effects of Acute and A Intermittent body Exposures to Ionizing Radiations. IV. Psychomotor Performance of Patients Following A Total Body Exposure to Penetrating Radiations. V. Analytical Calculation of Absorption and A Distribution of Energy in an Irradiated Medium Simulating the Human Body. VI. Collection, Compilation, and Publication of B Data on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. VII. Studies of Biological Additivity of Ionizing B Radiations Having Different Specific Ionizations. VIII. Study of Methods for Detecting the Degree of Sensitivity C of Individuals to Radiation Exposures. IX. Study of Methods of Preventing and Counteracting C Radiation Effects. X. Psychological Problem of Crew Selection Relative to D Radiation Hazards. XI. General Supervision and Coordination of Research. 3 BRIEF DISCUSSION OF INDIVIDUAL PROGRAMS WITH ESTIMATED BUDGETARY NEEDS (See Appendix for detailed consideration) I. HUMAN EXPERIMENTATION ("A" PRIORITY) The NEPA Medical Advisory Committee is attempting to determine what will happen to humans exposed at infrequent times to amounts of radiations which are higher than those accepted as permissible for peace time operations. The Committee, with the exception of one member, feels that such information cannot be obtained by animal experiments nor by clinical observations and that the information sought is sufficiently important to justify the use of humans as experimental subjects. The Committee therefore recommends, that the Armed services arrange for and conduct unclassified experiments on man which will make possible the accurate prediction of biological changes resulting from known levels of radiation exposure. These experiments (described in detail in the Appendix) are to be carried out in accordance with the principles laid down by the Judicial Council of the AMA (1946), namely, that all subjects used must be volunteers, that hazards of each experiment must be ascertained by previous experiments on animals, and that the experiments must be performed under proper medical protection and management. Certain results of the study would probably not be obtained until after the end of the feasibility and development periods of the Project; however, the experiments in general would yield immediate information of considerable value in determining operational routines and tactical uses of aircraft powered by nuclear energy. The results obviously would also be of great value to other agencies of the Military Establishment. Estimated annual cost: $178,000. Estimated time for completion: 20 years. Estimated initial expense for building to house special radiation equipment and personnel: if constructed, $200,000: if remodeled, $75,000. Where work could be done: The Committee is not in a position to make recommendations as to where these tests can be conducted other than that they should be carried out at some federal, state, or Armed Services prison, where life prisoners are incarcerated and where arrangements can be made with the prison authorities to cooperate in the experiment. The selection of the prison is a matter for top military consideration. Continued cooperation of the prison staff and prisoners for a matter of many years will be required. NEPA should have available $100,000 annually for equipment, expendable material, and operating expenses. The Armed Services should supply personnel, salaries of which will amount to about $78,000 annually, and buildings. 4 II. PHYSICAL FITNESS FOLLOWING TOTAL BODY EXPOSURE TO PENETRATING RADIATIONS ("A" PRIORITY) The objectives of this study is to establish, by means of animal experiments, levels of whole body irradiation which would impair the skilled performance of personnel of the crew. The chief question to be answered is: What level of radiation can be tolerated by the crew for 24 hours without causing diminution of mental acuity, or the development of excessive and potentially disabling fatigue? It is recommended that NEPA obtain a high priority for this research so that work can go forward by competent investigators with ample support. It is also recommended that there be close liaison between workers of the group using animals, and those of other groups studying human subjects. It is further recommended that all experiments involving human subjects, except those receiving specific therapeutic radiation, be under the supervision of a single committee. Estimated annual cost: $100,000. Estimated time for completion: 3 years. Work might be done at existing civilian and governmental laboratories, particularly at the Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory, San Francisco, and the School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Amount per annum NEPA should have available in the event work is not undertaken by other agencies: $100,000. The proposed program should be initiated at once. 5 III. LONG TERM EFFECTS OF ACUTE AND INTERMITTENT TOTAL BODY EXPOSURES TO IONIZING RADIATIONS ("A" PRIORITY) This research is concerned with the effects of acute, semi- acute, and chronic radiation exposure of laboratory animals kept under close observation for the remainder of their life following irradiation. It is imperative, if the necessary range of information is to be obtained, that such experiments be carried out on species having a long life span, such as dogs, and on short lived species, such as mice or rats. The results to be obtained will be of great value not only to NEPA, but also to various branches of the Armed Services, and to Civilian Defense. The Committee recommends that NEPA take the initiative in activating longevity experiments of the type described as soon as possible, either under its own auspices, or under other auspices. Estimated annual cost after the first year: $500,000. Estimated additional cost of construction of necessary buildings: $200,000 - $600,000. Estimated cost first year: $700,000 to $1,100,000. Estimated time for completion: 5 to 10 years depending upon species used. Where work might be done: University of Rochester, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, National Institute of Health, Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory. It is understood that the Division of Biology and Medicine of the Atomic Energy Commission has such a program under consideration at this time. NEPA should have available $100,000 to $200,000 annually in the event that the dosage ranges of interest to the Project are not covered by other agencies prosecuting such studies. Because of the long range aspect of the program, the experiment should be initiated at the earliest possible date. 6 IV. PSYCHOMOTOR PERFORMANCE OF PATIENTS FOLLOWING TOTAL BODY EXPOSURE TO PENETRATING RADIATIONS ("A" PRIORITY) The purpose of this study is to determine possible changes in psychomotor performance resulting from total body and large body volume irradiation from external, and/or internal sources in patients treated with dosages of ionizing radiation of interest to the NEPA Project. Patients might be suitable subjects provided they are being irradiation in the way needed by the Project and provided they are not seriously debilitated by the diseases for which they are being treated. Whole body dosages in the range of 10 to 100 roentgens, given over periods of from 30 minutes to several days, are recommended. Isotopes such as p32, which are semi-uniformly distributed throughout the body, would be suitable as internal emitters. Deterioration of psychomotor performance resulting from varying levels of radiation will be based on: reaction time, eye-hand-foot coordination, selected arithmetical calculations, and other tests available to experimental psychologists. Estimated cost: High estimate: $68,000. Low estimate: $48,000. If work is done at existing governmental installations $15,000 to $25,000. Estimated time for completion: 2 years or longer. Where work might be done: various universities and governmental hospitals, and the School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Amount per annum NEPA should have available in the event work is not undertaken by other agencies: $68,000, if done by civilian contractors: $25,000, if done at governmental installations. The program should be activated as soon as possible. 7 V. ANALYTICAL CALCULATION OF ABSORPTION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY IN AN IRRADIATED MEDIUM SIMULATING THE HUMAN BODY ("A" PRIORITY) Since this problem is being considered by other agencies already making calculations of the type wanted by NEPA and related groups, the Committee offers no specific recommendation that this work be actively prosecuted by NEPA. The Committee, however, recommends that some qualified individual, well informed of the needs of NEPA and reactor groups in general, contact and collaborate with investigators in Oak Ridge and in Harwell, England, doing calculations of the type sought, and obtain their results. It is also recommended that compilation of bibliographic data on this subject be maintained and is made available to those concerned. Estimated cost: none. (Work will be completed by other agencies) Amount per annum NEPA should have for this program: none; individual who is to contact and collaborate with other agencies carrying out the work is already employed by NEPA. 8 VI. COLLECTION, COMPILATION, AND PUBLICATION OF DATA ON BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF IONIZING RADIATIONS PERTINENT TO REACTOR PROBLEMS ("B" PRIORITY) This recommendation provides for a thorough and continuous survey of biological literature relative to penetrating ionizing radiations. Data are to be collected, abstracted, and filed in a systematic manner. Such tabulated, catalogued data are to be available to all qualified workers. Reports involving radiation problems will be prepared when circumstances warrant. Revision of the Project's Handbook -- "Tabulation of Available Data Relative to Radiation Biology" -- will be made from time to time, depending upon the volume and significance of additional data pertinent to the Project. Estimated annual expenditure: $15,000. Estimated time for completion: duration of Project. Program could be carried out at the University of California, Los Angeles. Amount per annum NEPA should have available for this program: $15,000. Funds for this program should be allocated at once in order to continue the survey of literature already initiated. 9 VII. STUDIES OF BIOLOGICAL ADDITIVITY OF IONIZING RADIATIONS HAVING DIFFERENT SPECIFIC IONIZATIONS ("B" PRIORITY) The question is: are the two radiations of chief concern to NEPA (gamma rays and fast neutrons) totally additive in their effects under operational conditions, and if not, to what extent are they additive? Emphasis will be placed on exposures which last from a few hours to 24 hours. The effect of slow neutrons can be estimated from Monte Carlo calculations on radiobiological results on gammas and fast neutrons. Estimated annual cost: $33,000; the first year would require $43,000. Estimated time: 3 to 5 years. Work could be done at some governmental installation, particularly at Argonne National Laboratory, where suitable buildings and gamma ray and fast neutron sources are available. Amount per annum NEPA should have available in the event work is not undertaken by other agencies: $43,000 for the first year; $33,000 thereafter. Work should be undertaken as soon as possible. 10 VIII. METHODS FOR DETECTING THE DEGREE OF SENSITIVITY OF INDIVIDUALS TO RADIATION EXPOSURES ("C" PRIORITY) It is important to ascertain if individuals differ markedly in their sensitivity to whole body irradiation. If they do, the development of methods permitting the selection of crew members who are relatively resistant to radiations and the elimination of those of greater sensitivity is highly desirable to the Project. The chief purpose of the recommended research is to determine whether the relative radiation sensitivity of an individual can be determined prior to exposure to ionizing radiations. Failing this, it is possible that the degree of radiation sensitivity of individuals can be determined by a small test exposure. The proposed research will be separated into two categories -- one clinical; the other, experimental. Clinical studies will be done in three geographically separated areas where large numbers of patients are treated with deep X-ray therapy and where treatment can be uniform and well controlled. Detailed information, based on a questionnaire prepared by an advisory committee, will be obtained from patients prior to exposure. Following treatment the patients will be observed for a year or more. Attempts will be made to determine whether any correlation exists between the degree of reaction and the factors covered by the questionnaire, and/or results of specific tests. Experimental studies in animals may make it possible to determine more accurately the degree of radiation sensitivity of various tissues than is possible under clinical conditions; as well as to determine whether any relation exists between certain reactions in superficial tissues resulting from small localized exp______ and the degree of general reaction from various doses of whole body irradiation. Estimated annual expenditure: $90,000. Estimated time for completion: 3 to 5 years. Where work might be done: Clinical Phase: Columbia University, Michael Reese Hospital, University of California, Swedish Hospital in Seattle; Experimental Phase; A national laboratory; University of Iowa. Amount per annum NEPA should have available in the event the work is not undertaken by other agencies: $90,000. The program should be initiated as soon as possible. 11 IX. A STUDY OF METHODS FOR PREVENTING AND COUNTERACTING RADIATION EFFECTS ("C" PRIORITY) The obvious purpose of this research is to discover methods for increasing the tolerance of human subjects to ionizing radiations. Unlike other researches recommended, this particular study has no definable method of approach which is admittedly superior to others. Because of the large number of compounds and conditions which may be tested, the Committee recommends that rather than attempt to formulate a complete program from the top, various laboratories and investigators be permitted to work independently of one another. To aid in the accomplishment of the general objectives, a flexible program would be set up to assist work already in progress and to initiate additional projects elsewhere as favorable conditions arise. Furthermore, NEPA should arrange to determine the effectiveness of the more promising chemical agents in relation to the work of other research categories, particularly to physical fitness and longevity. Estimated annual cost: $75,000. Estimated time: 5 years. Where work could be done: Various governmental and university laboratories already conducting such experiments. Amount per annum NEPA should have available in the event work is not undertaken by other agencies: $75,000. Such work need not be undertaken at once unless other agencies fail to adequately support this field of investigation. NEPA should however maintain close contact with the major workers in the field and should be able to aid financially at any time, groups which have promising programs, or to initiate new programs. 12 X. PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEM OF CREW SELECTION RELATIVE TO RADIATION HAZARDS ("D" PRIORITY) The research recommended for this controversial subject is concerned with: A. Determination of specific factors associated with radiation hazards which might engender anxiety. This can be accomplished by planned personal interviews with workers at reactor and cyclotron sites, and evaluation of data obtained from carefully prepared questionnaires submitted to such personnel. Estimated cost of this part: $6,000 per year. Estimated time for completion: one year. Where work might be done: Some AEC installation, such as Oak Ridge National Laboratory. B. Influence of special stress (anxiety from irradiation) on performance. This can be tested by simulating radiation generators and challenging prospective crew members under sham conditions where radiations are known to exist. Anxiety can be measured by a variety of techniques available to psychologists. Estimated cost of this part: $20,000 per year. Estimated time for completion: 1 year. Where work might be done: Some AEC installation, such as Oak Ridge National Laboratory. C. Dissipation of anxiety. The problem is chiefly one of indoctrination, motivation being recognized as an important factor in altering attitudes toward hazards. Estimated cost of this part: $20,000 per year. Estimated time for completion: 2 years. Where work might be done: Some base in Eighth Air Force, such as Carswell Field. D. Effect of exposure on psychological processes, such as visual and auditory acuity, visual and tactual space perception, maintenance and distribution of attention; on types of coordination; on memory and abstract thinking. Estimated cost of this part: $20,000 per year. Estimated time for completion: 5 to 10 years. Where work might be done: At sties where human experiments of other research categories described are undertaken. Estimated annual cost: first year, $66,000; second year, $40,000; third to tenth $20,000. Estimated time for completion: parts A and B, 1 year; part C, 2 years;part D, 5 to 10 years. Amount per annum NEPA should have available in the event work is not undertaken by other agencies: $25,000. 13 BREAKDOWN SHOWING HOW WORK WOULD BE DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE VARIOUS GROUPS OR AGENCIES 1. Research to be Conducted and Financed by Groups or Agencies Using Their Own Funds and Employees. a) Human Experimentation -- Priority A -- Recommendation I. Recommended work be sponsored and financially supported by Armed Services but assisted financially by NEPA. b) Evaluation of Long Term Effects of Acute and Intermittent Total Body Exposures to Ionizing Radiations -- Priority A -- Recommendation III. Will probably be carried out by Atomic Energy Commission. 2. Research to be Conducted by Groups or Agencies Receiving Either Funds or Personnel, or Both, from NEPA. See Appendix for complete list of agencies. a) Human Experimentation -- Priority A -- Recommendation I. NEPA will supply equipment; Armed Services, personnel and buildings. b) Physical Fitness Following Total Body Exposure to Penetrating Radiations -- Priority A -- Recommendation II. By various governmental agencies. c) Psychomotor Performance of Patients Following Total Body Exposure to Penetrating Radiations -- Priority A - - Recommendation IV. At various universities and governmental agencies. d) Studies of Biological Additivity of Ionizing Radiations Having Different Specific Ionizations -- Priority B -- Recommendation VII. Probably by Argonne National Laboratory. e) Study of Methods for Detecting the Degree of Sensitivity of Individuals to Radiation Exposures -- Priority C -- Recommendation VIII. By various universities and governmental agencies. f) Study of Methods for Preventing and Counteracting Radiation Effects -- Priority C -- Recommendation IX. By various universities and governmental agencies. g) Psychological Problem of Crew Selection Relative to Radiation Hazards -- Priority D -- Recommendation X. By various universities and governmental agencies. 3. Activities to be Carried Out by NEPA with its Own Employees and at Its Own Installations at Oak Ridge or Elsewhere. a) Analytical Calculation of Absorption and Distribution of Energy in an Irradiated Medium Simulating the Human Body -- Priority A -- Recommendation V. (While this work is being done at other installations at no cost to NEPA, a NEPA employee should collaborate with these workers and obtain their results.) b) Collection, Compilation and Publication of Data on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations -- Priority B -- Recommendation VI. c) General Supervision and Coordination of Research -- Recommendation XI. 15 CONSOLIDATED, SUMMARIZED RECOMMENDATIONS WITH BUDGET FOR REFERENCE SEE (12bb01.gif) 16 APPENDIX Detailed Recommendations of The NEPA Medical Advisory Committee to NEPA Concerning Biological Research l Body Exposure to Penetrating Radiations -- Priority A - - Recommendation IV. At various universities and governmental agencies. d) Studies of Biological Additivity of Ionizing Radiations Having Different Specific Ionizations -- Priority B -- Recommendation VII. Probably by Argonne National Laboratory. e) Study of Methods for Detecting the Degree of Sensitivity of Individuals to Radiation Exposures -- Priority C -- Recommendation VIII. By various universities and governmental agencies. f) Study of Methods for Preventing and Counteracting Radiation Effects -- Priority C -- Recommendation IX. By various universities and governmental agencies. g) Psychological Problem of Crew Selection Relative to Radiation Hazards -- Priority D -- Recommendation X. By various universities and governmental agencies. 3. Activities to be Carried Out by NEPA with its Own Employees and at Its Own Installations at Oak Ridge or Elsewhere. a) Analytical Calculation of Absorption and Distribution of Energy in an Irradiated Medium Simulating the Human Body -- Priority A -- Recommendation V. (While this work is being done at other installations at no cost to NEPA, a NEPA employee should collaborate with these workers and obtain their results.) b) Collection, Compilation and Publication of Data on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations -- Priority B -- Recommendation VI. c) General Supervision and Coordination of Research -- Recommendation XI. 15 CONSOLIDATED, SUMMARIZED RECOMMENDATIONS WITH BUDGET FOR REFERENCE SEE (12bb01.gif) 16 APPENDIX Detailed Recommendations of The NEPA Medical Advisory Committee to NEPA Concerning Biological Research 18-36 I. Human Experimentation (Majority Report) 18-21 II. Physical Fitness Following Total Body 22-23 Exposure to Penetrating Radiations III. Evaluation of Long Term Effects of Acute and 24 Intermittent Body Exposures to Ionizing Radiation