CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION STUDIES

This is a most preliminary attempt of classifying the radiation
studies which the Committee has to review.  I am prepared to
revise it if I receive further input from members of the
Committee. in the alternative, another subcommittee may take over
this task.
                                        Jay Katz


     I.  TAXONOMOY OF STUDIES

       1. Atmospheric Nuclear Tests

          a.   With Deliberate Primary exposure of Human Beings

               [i]  military personnel
              [ii] civilian populations

          b. With Insufficient Concern over Whether Human  Beings
             would Be Secondarily Endangered

               [i]  Immediately after test /Bikini Island         
                    Fallout,
                    "Downsiders"-Nevada Test Site/
              [ii]  An a result of premature return to radiation-
                    infested habitation /Marshall Islands/
             [iii]  As a result of contamination of food supplies 
                    and vegetation /Eskimos/

     2.   Exposure of Human Beings to Radiation /without a        
          Research Design/

          a.   Employment /Portsmouth Naval Yard, etc./

          b.   "Accidental" Releases

          c.   Routine Releases

          d.   "Opportunistic" Studies /Uranium Miners/

          e.   Observations of Patients/Others Exposed to         
               Radiation for Other Reasons

          f.   Therapeutic Interventions /e.g. Nasopharyngeal
               Radium Treatments

     3.      Exposure of Human Beings to Radiation /with a        
             Research Design

          a.   Metabolic Studies Involving Routine Uses of
               Radioactive Tracers

          b.   Inclusion of Radiation in Experiments Whose        
               Primary Purpose Were Not Radiation Studies


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     * Excluding common and routine clinical practices

                                           1


          c.   Therapeutic Research Using Radiation to Learn More
               about Efficacy/Risk
          d.   Non-therapeutic Research with Radiation to Learn
               More about Toxicity or Other Health-Effects**
               /Fernald/

     II.  ETHICAL/LEGAL/SOCIETAL CONSIDERATIONS

     1.   Exposure to Physical Harm

          a. With or without individual Disclosure and Consent
          b.   Societal Concerns  /Secrecy/

     2.   Exposure to Dignitary

          a.   individual Disclosure and Consent
          b.   Societal Concerns /Secrecy/

     3.   Selection of Groups to Be studied

          Vulnerable Populations

          [i]   the poor
          [ii]  the mentally impaired
          [iii] ethnic groups
          [iv]  native populations in other counties
          [v]   patients


III.       OTHER ISSUES

          1.   The impact of the Alliance between the Research    
               Community and Governmental Agencies

          2.   The Impact of "National Security"

          3.   The Impact of Secrecy

          4.   The Impact of Lack of concern over Monitoring the  
               Health Effects of Exposed Populations and            
               Individuals

          5.   The Quest to Acquire Knowledge for Health/Defense  
               Reasons vs. Safeguarding Other Fundamental
               Democratic/Human- Values


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     **   Excluding retrospective Studies done with consent, or
studies of Astronauts except perhaps under unusual circumstances.