ATTACHMENT 2 Department of Defense THE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BOARD COMMITTEE ON MEDICAL SCIENCES AND COMMITTEE ON ATOMIC ENERGY Washington 25, D.C. Log No. 405-51 *Depository Furnished Copy__________________ Copy No. 51 (Date) __________________________________________________________________ PROGRAM GUIDANCE REPORT Prepared by Joint Panel on Medical Aspects of Atomic Surface Chairman: Dr. Joseph C. Aub 20 September 1951 ___________________________________________________________________ (This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, "Title 18, U.S.C., Sections 793 and 794. The transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.) SECRET ILLEGIBLE 107/2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Detection, Measurement, and Evaluation of Radiation. . . . . . .1 Protection of Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 Decontamination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Thermal Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 Psychological Studies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Biological Effect of Radiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Treatment of Radiation Injury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Medical Participation in Atomic Bomb Detonations . . . . . . . 19 Development of Methods for Protecting Personnel Against Radioactivity (Pretreatment with Drugs and Hormones, Partial Body Shielding, or ILLEGIBLE). . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Recommendations for R&D Emphasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 ILLEGIBLE 201/1 SECRET DETECTION, MEASUREMENT, AND EVALUATION OF RADIATION 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate goals 1.1.1 Development and construction of detection devices for measuring alpha and beta particle emitters in air. These devices should record long lived alpha emitters in air at levels of C.1 to 10o microcuries per ILLEGIBLE3 of air (log scale). The Beta emitters should be recorded at levels of 1 to 1000 microcuries per ILLEGIBLE3 of air, an accuracy to be achieved of plus or minus 20% from 5% of full scale to full scale. 1.1.2 Development and construction of alpha, beta, gamma detection device of the survey type. These meters would serve not only to measure general environmental radiation but also as a detector for personnel contamination. The ranges should extend from the order of 0.5 to 5 milliroentgens per hour up to 500 r per hour. The lower range would permit detection of small amounts of alpha emitter. 1.1.3 Development and issue of personnel dosage indicating devices reading in steps of the order of 50 r or less, up to 600 r. 1.2 Future goals 1.2.1 The continued improvement of existing equipment and techniques and correction of shortcomings determined from field tests. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipments and Systems in Meeting Requirements The deficiencies must be sought in the field tests of operational use of detection, dosage and monitoring instruments by operating personnel. 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements 3.1 There are no insuperable problems of a technical nature. 3.2 Urgently needed detection instruments that are made available, together with information on shielding devices for personnel protection, will be of great value both prophylactically and in maintaining morale. The program is expected to reduce materially and the effectiveness of enemy attack and the long time hazards atomic warfare. In this connection, the correlation of physical measurements of phenomena observed during field testing, with animal and other biological material studied, will also be of great value if properly carried out. - 1 - Complete, accurate, temporal and spatial information concerning the thermal, nuclear radiation, and blast hazards of atomic bomb detonation, together with information permitting the evaluation of sublethal radiation dosages and effects in humans, will furnish the only true foundation for effecting personnel defense against atomic warfare and, therefore, is of unlimited military value." 3.3 The probability of successful outcome of the program is good. 3.4 No alternate programs need by considered. 3.5 No evidence of duplication of any consequence. 3.6 There are no factors seriously interfering but better organization and dissemination of information might be accomplished. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendation 4.1.1 The Panel on Medical Aspects of Atomic Warfare is of the opinion that the Panel on Radiological instruments should select a simple, inexpensive, reliable and ILLEGIBLE personnel dosimeter ILLEGIBLE from about 5 to 6CC r for immediate mass procurement and distribution to the Armed Services. Also it is felt that similar action is indicated for the procurement and distribution of a possible radiation survey instrument with a range of from about 0.1 r /hr to preferably 500 r /hr, but at least up to 50 r/hr. These dosimeters and radiation survey instruments are sorely needed for purposes of morale and training. 4.2 The immediate procurements recommended in paragraph 1.1.1 should not prejudice the continuation of the improvement, testing, and development of the types of radiation instruments which will be needed eventually. - 2 - PROTECTION OF PERSONNEL 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate Goals (next 3 years) Considerable data are now available on the response of critical systems of the body to radiation. The over-all defense program would best be served if the following were considered as immediate goals: 1.1.1 Organization and dissemination of information with regard to methods of attenuating radiation to innocuous levels on: General external ionization radiation; radioactive dusts and airborne particles; and thermal radiation. 1.1.2 In the case of external ionizing and thermal radiation the complete understanding of the use of: (1) Barriers. This would be of immense value. This includes a study of the utilization of available buildings, underground structures, slit trenches, specially constructed barriers and fixed installations, etc.; (2) Distance. This might best be utilized by examining methods of dispersal of personnel; (3) Evasive action. The possible utilization of this means would be obtained by examination of the time intensity relationship of radiation following an atomic explosion: and (4) Partial Body Shielding. (considered in the section on therapy. May also be useful as a protective measure.) 1.1.3 In the case of radioactive dusts and gases, dissemination of information on presently available filters and absorbers. Collection of information on particle size and development and construction of filter devices should also receive immediate consideration. 1.1.4 In the case of thermal radiation additional information on the protective effect of fabric and better organization and dissemination of information already available should be accomplished. 1.2 Future Goals 1.2.1 The future goals are testing for RW effectiveness, new types of filters and was absorbers as ILLEGIBLE for biological and chemical warfare. 1.2.2 Insuring that new types of protective clothing and equipment give maximal protection against RW and thermal radiation. 1.2.3 Development of prophylactic medication for individuals potentially exposed to radiation. 1.2.4 Continuous revision of organized data. (Manuals) - 3 - 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipment and Systems in Meeting Requirements In the case of thermal radiation, considerable information is now available on time intensity relationship, the physical factor of burning and the spectral distribution. Additional data is needed in all the aspects to provide more complete understanding. 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements 3.1 Technical Feasibility. There are no obstacles to organization and dissemination of information. 3.2 Military Value. Depends upon utilization of available information. Without warning, information may be of no value except where shielding is continuous (as in buildings). With warning, complete protection may be afforded. 3.3 Probability of Successful Outcome. No difficulties with regard to collection, organization and dissemination of information. 3.4 Alternative Program. Concerns itself with pharmacologic and physiologic means of protecting against radiation. Of doubtful present value. 3.5 No duplication or gaps are evident. 3.6 There are no factors interfering with conduct of program. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendations: 4.1.1 The approved level of FY 52 funds should be maintained. 4.1.2 Considerable advance has been made an understanding does offset relationships. The primary problem is organization and dissemination of information, together with continual review of present manuals. 4.1.3. Additional manuals together with review and modification of existing ILLEGIBLE on the subject of personnel protection against AW and RW are desirable. 4.2 Justifiable duplication will occur primarily in the development of the best treatment for thermal burn and against ionizing radiation. 4 DECONTAMINATION 1. Military Goals Research and development directed toward obtaining new and/or improved methods for decontaminating military personnel and equipment from contaminants produced during an atomic explosion (deliberate or accidental) or produced through the use of RW agents. 1.1 Immediate military goals It is important that ILLEGIBLE efforts by directed toward obtaining rapid methods for decontaminating personnel and materials from radioactive substances in all environments of present or future operational significance. 1.1.1 Techniques of decontamination in Arctic, sub- Arctic and other cold weather environments. 1.1.2 Techniques of decontamination in tropic, desert, and humid environment. 1.1.3 There should be a continuing compilation of data to be incorporated in an operational manual on tactics and methods of decontamination. 1.1.4 There should be a continuing fundamental research effort directed toward ILLEGIBLE basic principles of decontamination which can be used toward the development of rational and physical decontamination techniques and materials. 1.1.4.1 New complexing solutions. 1.1.4.2 New protective coatings. 1.1.5 The determination more accurately of maximum permissible levels of exposure, continuous or intermittent, to contamination under field conditions. 1.1.6 Decontamination of intact, burned or wounded skin. 1.2 Future military goals In addition to continuing the efforts of par. 1.1, future military goals will include the improvement of decontamination techniques, materials, and equipment for personnel, food, water, and drugs, as now information is made available. - 5 - 1.2.1 Methods for rapidly reducing internal contamination by effective pharmacologic agents. 1.2.2 Establishing standards of permissible contamination levels for man i.e., the time- intensity relationships for continuous or intermittent exposure. 1.2.3 New types of easily decontaminable protective coatings and strippings. 1.2.4 Testing and evaluation of decontamination techniques, materials, and equipment. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipment and Systems in Meeting Requirements 2.1 At present, there is insufficient emphasis in developing equipment and techniques for field or shipboard decontamination or personnel, food, water, and equipment. 2.1.1 Lack of decontamination information in extreme environmental conditions such as in the Arctic or tropic areas. 2.1.2 Lack of information relating injuries to radiation levels. 2.1.3 The importance of water decontamination problems has not been determined. 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements The present program in the field of decontamination is insufficient in scope to obtain the goals which are technically feasible of accomplishment. The program should be pursued and increased in scope since apparently there are no alternative programs in related fields at present which can provide all of the necessary data. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendations The rate of programs in the development of new techniques for decontamination is largely dependent upon ILLEGIBLE made in areas of radiation projection, dosimetry and monitoring, equipment and other fields of ILLEGIBLE ILLEGIBLE. Decontamination problems cannot be successfully separated from the related problems in ILLEGIBLE field except possibly for administrative and housekeeping purposes. At present there is insufficient information available for the successful economical conduction of large scale decontamination operations on man, and material. - 6 - 4.1.1 It is recommended that efforts be directed toward the solution of decontamination problems in the Arctic, tropic and other extreme environmental conditions using available facilities. 4.1.2 It is considered essential that rapid techniques be developed for the economical field decontamination of personnel, (including burn and wound casualties) food, water, and equipment. 4.1.3. Continuing research efforts should be directed toward developing new decontaminating agents, equipment, and protective coatings. 4.1.4. Obtain maximum permissible levels of exposure in man to continuous or intermittent contamination. 4.1.5. The desirability of continually compiling and collating data regardless decontamination and related areas for incorporation into operation manuals. 4.1.6 There is need for exchange of information and coordination of activities among all governmental agencies concerned with research and development in the field of decontamination. - 7 - BLAST 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate Goals 1.1.1 With introduction of much high ILLEGIBLE equivalent weapons, it is desirable to reopen blast studies and thoroughly evaluate the possible effects of direct blast injuries to personnel. Immediate goal is the assessment of previously gained information in direct blast effects and of any protective measures that may be applicable. This would include the design of slit trenches to provide maximum deflection of blast effects by contour of lip. Studies of effect of blast through openings in the various types of hollow structure should be considered. 1.2 Future goals 1.2.1 Future goal is correlation of above with blast generator and fluid test studies on animals. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipment and Systems in Meeting Requirements. 2.1 The hazards of direct blast effects of atomic weapons can be assessed by field trials and blast generator studies. Unavoidable delays in construction of an experimental blast chamber has delayed this work. It is expected that actual animal experiments can be commenced shortly using this apparatus. 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements. 3.1 The goals are technically attainable. 3.2 Present laboratory research will establish time pressure relationship for air blast injury to animals. 3.3. Completion of laboratory studies is ILLEGIBLE ILLEGIBLE ILLEGIBLE. Field studies can be made when atomic bomb test is available. 3.4 No alternate program is feasible. 3.5 Present studies are integrated with other Department of Defense programs. 3.6 Adequate facilities and personnel are available. - 8 - 4. Conclusion and Recommendation 4.1 Further studies, field and laboratory tests, are indicated in effects of direct blast damage to personnel and any protective measures applicable. 4.1.1 Specific recommendations as to scope of these studies should be made only after proper evaluation of previous work and existing knowledge. 4.2 No unjustifiable duplication exists. - 9 - THERMAL EFFECTS 1. Military Goals 1.1. Immediate goals 1.1.1 The goals in the next three years is to analyze and evaluate the operational hazards of the thermal radiations of atomic explosions, improve techniques for simulating these thermal radiations for biologic experimentation, determine the nature of high intensity flash burns including evaluation of protective films and clothing fabrics, develop and evaluate techniques in treatment and mass handling of all burn casualties including these complicated by radiation or other injury 1.2 Future goals 1.2.1 Future goals in this area will necessarily depend upon the exploitation of the discoveries made in research under the immediate goals by improving methods of protection against and treatment of thermal burns as new information becomes available, including the local mechanism of injury and recovery. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipments and Systems in ILLEGIBLE Requirements 2.1. Inadequate development of facilities and mechanism for collection, correlation and promulgation of policies relating to the indoctrination of troops on the important role of thermal radiation hazards. 3. Present Research and Development Programs in Support of Requirements 3.1 It is considered that research in this category is basically sound, technically feasible and will result in a significant improvement by 1955. 3.2 Military value will be improved protection, treatment, and earlier return to duty of casualties. Improvement of 50-ILLEGIBLE is expected. 3.3 There will be significantly improved practice and operational doctrine in a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. Complete control of a mass injury problem is not attainable. 3.4 No alternate program is feasible. - 10 - 3.5 No evidence of unnecessary duplication or work of a non- productive or questionable nature exists. The mechanisms of local thermal injury and healing should be explored and where indicated appropriate research instituted. There exist today certain empirical observations on therapy which offer partial answers but should be emphasized by continued basic studies such as: 1) Mechanisms of anemia and other blood changing following burns: 2) physiological stress: and 3) the endocrine inter-relations. 3.6 Improved methods are needed for the measurement, in field tests, of the time, intensity and spectrum of the thermal radiation from atomic weapons for correlating these data with biological effects. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendations 4.1.1 An increase in level of local design and healing and of mass handling of burns be further studied, that biologic investigations be continued of future A-Bomb tests; that the mechanism of anemia in extensive burns be investigated with a view to simpler therapy than multiple blood transfusions. 4.1.2 Finally, it is recommended that the program as outlined for FY 1952 and 1953 be continued as presently planned. 4.2 No unjustifiable duplication exists. - 11 - PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES 1. Military Goals 1.1 Discover and develop technics of: (1) Preadapting troops and civilian populations to the frightening aspects of HW and AW and of radioactive engines and weapons. (2) building troops' confidence in their officers' evaluation and response to radioactive hazards, and confidence in the therapy of irradiation injury. 1.2 The above will prove to be continuing problems, especially (1) the psychology of panic, because opportunity to study panic in the face of disaster presents itself infrequently. (2) The converse problem of contagious confidence will also continue to offer rewards for deeper study. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipments and Systems in Meeting Requirements. 2.1 Deficiency of knowledge (1) of precise tolerance of man for radiation, (2) of genesis and propagation of panic, (3) of genesis of confidence of troops in their lender and the propagation of such confidence, (4) whether panic in the face of ILLEGIBLE is the same as panic from other causes. (5) of any correlations of panic proneness with some other measurable attributes. (6) of relation of apprehension to the later explosion in panic. 2.2 Deficiency of education and indoctrination as to (1) Amount of radiation that will be recovered from, of the nature of radiation injury (2) circumstances where residual radiation will be dangerous and where it will be negligible, (3) technics and effectiveness of shielding and evasive action. 2.3 There is doubt if officers are yet indoctrinated to the point of self-reliance where men must be handled in a radiation field or ordered into such an area of hazard. 2.4 There is need to increase troops' confidence in officer decision in regard to a hazard which the men cannot themselves observe, but which must be measured with (as yet) unfamiliar instruments. 2.5 Deficiencies similar to 2.1 and 2.4, but even more ILLEGIBLE, present themselves with reference to the civilian population, and ILLEGIBLE who ILLEGIBLE direct it (the population) in times of disaster. - 12 - 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements 3.1 Evaluation of tolerance, 2.1 (1) is technically feasible, in spite of slowness to undertake human experiments. It could be supplied (incompletely) in one year. Education and indoctrination, 2.2 (1,2,3), are technically simple, though burdensome. The other deficiencies require psychologic research, the technics of which are in larval state. However, a degree of accomplishment well worth having is feasible and a critical development in morale management is possible. 3.2 Military value. 3.2.1 The military value of morale can hardly be overestimated. The new weapons enhance the value of expected results of this program. It could be critical when an attack must be pressed home in the face of an acknowledged radiation hazard, or a position held. 3.2.2 In the Zone of the Interior, education of panic will lessen the bad effect of strategic bombing on production and transport. 3.3 Projects of reasonable cost should begin to give worthwhile improvement within a year. Because of the ILLEGIBLE of investigation (psychology) these projects can be expected to continue for an indefinite number of years. 3.4 There is no alternative program. 3.5 Evidence of Duplication, Gaps, or Work of Questionable Value 3.5.1 The field and the goals overlap those of PO-15 and Human Resources. Better coordination is to be desired. The AW aspect is somewhat over-shadowed by similar problems in 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. 3.5.2 There is doubt if results of radiation studies on primates (monkeys) for physiological and ILLEGIBLE effects can be transferred to man without human validation. 3.5.3 Gaps are observed suggesting advisability of new ILLEGIBLE in regard to leader morale and ILLEGIBLE reaction in training camp and field, and similarly in civil defense. Advisable also appears the preparation for scientific observation of troop reaction to RW and AW during military operations in case of actual war. - 13 - 3.6 Factors Interfering with the Program 3.6.1 Poor ILLEGIBLE of psychological research and general lack of confidence in emotional engineering. 3.6.2 Failure to understand that a foundation of experience in disaster has to be laid by giving a few scientists multiple experience, before the technic of observing disaster and panic reactions can even begin to be built. 3.6.3 Psychologists and psychiatrists are too few for the demands we wish to put upon them. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendations 4.1.1 Increase effort to find technics for increasing officer confidence and troop morale. 4.1.2 Validate animal psychometry in radiation injury by human observations. 4.1.3 Continue studies in psychology of panic. 4.1.4. Seek technics for reducing apprehension and for producing psychologic resistance to fear and panic, especially in presence of radiation hazard (emotional "vaccination"). 4.1.5 Spread knowledge of radiation tolerance, technics of avoidance, and possibility of therapy through military and civilian populations and ILLEGIBLE their acceptance. 4.1.6 Prepare to make psychologic ILLEGIBLE ILLEGIBLE it and bomb ILLEGIBLE and on the field of battle, if battles should emerge. 4.2 No duplication is noted. - 14 - BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate Goals The immediate goals are to obtain more accurate information concerning: 1.1.1 Maximum single and repeated doses of radiation which may be tolerated by man with reasonable safety. 1.1.2 Hazardous doses which may cause some temporary or permanent damage, including some casualties and possibly some deaths, but which are acceptable as military risks. 1.1.3 Casualty-producing doses which should lead to evacuation from contaminated areas whenever possible. 1.1.4 Toxicity of radioactive materials on ingestion and inhalation. 1.1.5 Physiological and clinical effects, in man, of the exposures above outlined. 1.1.6 The effects of radiation as modified by various complications such as thermal radiation. 1.2 Future goals The future goals is to understand the biologic mechanism underlying radiation damage so that potential radiation injury may be prevented, minimized or treated. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipments and Systems in Meeting Requirements 2.1 Lack of accurate information concerning effects of various ILLEGIBLE levels of external radiation on men. 2.2 Lack of accurate information concerning toxicity of radioactive materials ingested or inhaled. 2.3 Lack of effective means to achieve avoidance of radiation under field conditions. - 15 - 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements 3.1 Technical feasibility. The attainment of immediate goals is technically feasible provided that effects of moderate dose levels of external radiation may be observed on human volunteers. 3.2 Military value. The obtaining and dissemination of necessary information is a military necessity. 3.3 Probability of successful outcome. The outcome of the program directed of immediate goals can be reached successfully in reasonable time and at reasonable cost. 3.4 Alternative programs. Alternative programs will be directed primarily toward future goals, will require much longer periods of time and much greater expenditures. Because of nature of these programs, they are being carried on mainly, but not exclusively, under direction and support of the Atomic Energy Commission. 3.5 Evidence of duplication, gaps, etc. Some duplication is inevitable and desirable in present state of progress. The most serious gap is failure to secure adequate data on effects of moderate doses of external radiation on man. 3.6 Interfering factors. The program shows no evidence of suffering from lack of planning personnel, facilities or money. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendations 4.1.1 The RDB and the Services should concentrate largely on attaining the immediate goals. The AEC has a prime responsibility the retaining of the future and long-range goals. The attaining of the immediate goals should be pushed forward with all possible speed during FY 1951 and FY 1952. 4.2 Justifiable duplication. Some duplication of effort in all phases of the program is justifiable and necessary for rapid progress. This refers both to duplication (a) within the Services, and (b) between the Services and the AEC. Such duplication is especially necessary in studies of biological effects of radiation which may lead to improvement in the treatment of radiation injury. 4.3 Advantage should be taken of any opportunities for the study of the biological effects of radiation that may present themselves either following a A-Bomb detonations or in use of radioactive materials in actual combat. - 16 - TREATMENT OF RADIATION INJURY 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate Goals 1.1.1 Intensified research for a biological factor which promotes recovery from radiation injury. 1.1.2 Evaluation of present recommended therapy (transfusions, antibiotics, plasma and fluid administration). 1.1.3 Development of practical methods of segregating casualties into serious and non- serious groups and possibly into other categories. (of DECONTAMINATION) 1.2 Ultimate goals 1.2.1 Development of more effective methods of therapy. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipment and Systems in Meeting Requirements 2.1 Lack of effective methods of treatment. 2.2 Lack of knowledge about efficacy of therapeutic methods now recommended. 3. Present Research and Development in Support of Requirements. 3.1 Achievement of immediate goals appears feasible. Achievement of ultimate goals (1.2) will probably prove unsatisfactory. 3.2 Adequate evaluation of therapeutic methods would be of enormous value, particularly in military planning. 3.3 Evaluation of present therapy program is underway and should be completed within the next year or so. Development of more effective therapeutic methods depends entirely on future discoveries in radiobiology and at present outlook for progress in reasonable future is improved. 3.4 No alternate programs are feasible. 3.5 Considerable duplication exists, particularly in study of available antibiotics. Perhaps too little work is being done in the field of development of drugs and antibiotics effective against normally non-pathogenic intestinal micro-organisms, including ILLEGIBLE and possibly even fungi and protozoa. Also the field of antitoxins is not being extensively investigated. 3.6 Non interfering factors are evident. - 17 - 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Additional emphasis should be placed immediately on development of new methods and on the evaluation of present therapeutic methods in radiation injury in combination with other injuries and with infection. 4.2 Continuation of current experimental program designed to evaluate present method of therapy of uncomplicated radiation injury. 4.3 The duplication of military and AEC efforts in therapeutic testing now being conducted in Rochester is justifiable. - 18 - MEDICAL PARTICIPATION IN ATOMIC BOMB DETONATIONS 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate Goals Immediate goals in this area are based upon the strategic and tactical use of the atomic bomb and the pending troop indoctrination program at future weapon detonations, and include: 1.1.1 Acquisitions of more knowledge concerning calculated risks involved in handling the various implements and materials of atomic warfare; 1.1.2 More precise analyses of the various components concerned in production of casualties and disabilities including pathological, physiological and lethal effects under various conditions; biological dosimetry; depth dosage effects; 1.1.3 Analysis of thermal radiation with regard to its effect on animals and extrapolation to man. 1.1.4 Measurement of ionizing radiation intensity within the cloud produced by the detonation of an atomic bomb during the first 60 minutes following detonation. 1.2 Future goals 1.2.1 The future goals involve the further extension of research under immediate goals and extrapolation of experimental results to human beings including follow-up studies and analysis of data obtained at Operation GREENHOUSE and presently scheduled tests. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipment and Systems in Meeting Requirements ILLEGIBLE deficiencies of consequence. 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements 3.1 Technical feasibility excellent. Elaborate studies and preparations made or planned in detail. 3.2 More precise information for protection of troops and estimate of hazards to military personnel from thermal and ionizing radiation effects. - 19 - 3.3 Have every expectation of reaching goals and getting required data. Have expectation of completion of program within funds available. 3.4 No alternate program: Complete coordination has been effected with all branches of armed services and other interested agencies. 3.5 No significant duplication of effort. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 To complete present program and plan for participation in future tests in light of results for Operation GREENHOUSE. These plans should include studies on the effect of atomic weapons detonations on a troop unit operating in normal tactical support. - 20 - DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR PROTECTING PERSONNEL AGAINST RADIOACTIVITY (PRETREATMENT WITH DRUGS AND HORMONES, PARTIAL BODY SHIELDING, OR ANOXIA.) 1. Military Goals 1.1 Immediate Goals The testing of present methods of protecting personnel against radiation damage and the development of new methods. 1.2 Future Goals The increase to a maximum extent of man's ability to withstand ionizing radiation. 2. Deficiencies of Present Equipment and System in Meeting Requirements 2.1 All radiation prophylaxis is now on an experimental scale. There is no clinical testing of methods which are practical and of probable military use. 3. Present Research and Development Program in Support of Requirements 3.1 Present research indicates that an increase of at least several fold in man's ability to withstand acute exposure to ionizing radiation is probably technically feasible. 3.2 Such a development would be of considerable military value physically as well as psychologically.) 3.3 Outcome of future research and development in this field within reasonable time and it reasonable cost is likely to be satisfactory. 3.4 There is no alternate program. 3.5 Considerable duplication within and outside military services now exists and is desirable. 3.6 Work proceeding at proper level and is being pursued as fast as new scientific leads develop. 4. Conclusions and Recommendations 4.1 Recommendations 4.1.1 Research in this field is adequate but clinical testing program should be instituted in the future. 4.2 No unjustifiable duplication exists. - 21 - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR R&D EMPHASIS All projects of interest to this panel should be continued at the current levels of support insofar as possible. However, a few selected problems more considered to be of sufficient importance to require special attention. These are listed below with the degree of critically and the recommended degree of emphasis. TECHNICAL OBJECTIVE AND ITEM CRITICALITY EMPHASIS AW-5 Field measurement, both physical A Increase and biological, of spectrum, time and intensity of thermal radiation. AW-5a Selection, standardization, for A Increase mass procurement, and distri- bution to the Armed Forces of personnel dosimeters and of portable radiation survey instruments. AW-5c Collection, coordination and B Maintain dissemination of information on decontamination of person- nel and material, including food and water. AW-6 Evaluation of present therapy of A Maintain radiation injury (Transfusions, antibiotics, plasma, fluids, etc.) Determination of hazard of A Increase ingestion and inhalation of radioactive materials. Determination of dosage of A Increase radiation in relation to military effectiveness. Validate animal psychometry in B Initiate radiation injury by human observation. Initiate formation of terms for A Increase investigation of radiation injury on the field of combat. Fundamental studies in the A Maintain mechanism of local burn injury. Search for a biological factor A Increase which promotes recovery from radiation injury. - 22 - Evaluation of thermal hazard A Increase incident to atomic explosions and protection therefrom. FO-4 Troop indoctrination at atomic A Initiate detonations FO-5 Psychological observations on A Initiate troops at atom bomb tests. Studies in panic. C Maintain FO-15 Traumatic psychiatric experience C Increase (battle) FO-15 Psychiatric aspects of group C Increase solidarity on morale. *A - Critical Problems B - Highly Important Problems C - Important Problems - 23 -