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curves showing dose versus distance on a semilog plot, and the rd2
versus distance, for the several shots were essentially straight
lines and can be assumed to be linear in the LDC-100 range which is
of interest to a biomedical program, and (3) the depth dose effects
of the bomb can be reproduced in the laboratory by using a X-ray
generator producing a beam with characteristics similar to that of
the General Electric 10-Key betatron at the Naval Ordnance
Laboratory, White Oak, Maryland.

3.5.4     Project 4.5 - Flash Blindness

          The object of this project was to determine the effects
of the flash of atomic detonations at night upon the ability of
military personnel to carry out assigned tasks involving the use of
vision.  Three general types of visual tasks considered were:  (1)
reading red-lighted instruments in ships, aircraft, and vehicles,
(2) central acute vision at low levels of illumination, and (3)
peripheral vision at very low levels.  This project was a
continuation of BUSTER Project 4.3, which evaluated the effect of
flash blindness on daylight-adapted eyes.

          Human volunteers were dark-adapted in a light-tight
trailer approximately 10 miles from the detonated.  Their eyes were
exposed to the flash by a shutter arrangement.  Some eyes were
protected by a red filter in order to produce selectivity of
spectral transmission, and some were unprotected.

          The results obtained were necessarily approximate since
only a small number of observations could be made.  These results
are as follows:

          a.   Using red-lighted instruments only, the average time
to the first correct reading was 105 seconds for unprotected eyes
and 89 second for protected eyes.  By using red flood lighting as
well, the average times were reduced to 23.2 and 8.8 seconds
respectively.

          b.   At low levels of illumination, nyctometer tests
showed that reasonably good central vision returned in 132 seconds
for unprotected eyes and 111 seconds for eyes protected by red
filters.

          c.   At .001 foot-candles of illumination (noonlight
illumination), peripheral vision returned sufficiently to enable
distinguishing the form of objects in approximately 5 minutes by
unprotected eyes and about 4 minutes by protected eyes.  At .00001
foot-candles (starlight illumination) peripheral vision returned in
approximately 11 minutes and 5-1/4 minutes respectively.

          d.   The project was terminated after Shot 4 in order to
evaluate the significance of lesions of the retina which were
produced in two of the subjects.  Subsequent examinations indicated
complete healing with no subjective or objective findings
remaining.

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ATOMIC ENERGY ACT

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These studies will be continued in the laboratory and in
field tests at Operation UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE.

3.5.5     Project 4.6 - Time-Course of Thermal Radiation as
          Measured by Thermal Effects in Pigs

          The objective of this experiment, which was sponsored by
the AEC, was designed to study the following thermal burn problems: 
(1) the exact time of clinically significant cutaneous burning by
the thermal pulse, (2) the correlation of measured energy with
burns produced and (3) reliability of using small area burns for
test purposes.  

          To accomplish the experiment, anesthetized young Chestar
white pigs were placed in protective containers and exposed to the
thermal radiation from two atomic bomb explosions.  Exposures were
limited by aperture plates, each of which contained 10 circular
ports.  Exposure times through the ports were varied by
electrically operated shutters which partitioned the thermal energy
into 1000 millisecond fractions.  Other containers were utilized to
compare large and small area burns.  Resultant burns were analyzed
initially for gross effects and microscopically for degree of
severity.  The burn severity was related to the amount of energy
producing the same degree in the labor-story and then compared to
measured thermal energy from field data.

          Results of the experiment indicate that the most severe
burns occurred in the second 0.1 second period after detonation. 
Little increase was noted in the severity of a burn after 0.5
second.  No significant burns were produced on normal skin after
0.6 second.  Small burns (.75 in diameter) appeared to be of the
same severity as large burns (3 x 4.5 in.) produced on the same
animal.

          From this experiment it was determined that further
laboratory work should be carried out, utilizing the information
received from these tests, on the effect of thermal pulse and on
the effect of a variable spectrum of radiant energy in burn
production.

3.6  PROGRAM 5 - DESERT ROCK

          Program 5 was initially set aside for the scientific
investigations to be conducted in conjunction with Operation DESERT
ROCK IV, a service troop participation program.  In view of the
cancellation of the DESERT ROCK IV technical program, no report of
this operation is contained herein.  Military equipment of various
types was exposed, during the operation to blast, thermal and
radiation effect.  (See Fig. 3.1)

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1/  Sixth Army report "Exercise DESERT ROCK IV", April-June 1952

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